Return-Path: X-Original-To: mgrant132@cogeco.ca Delivered-To: mgrant132@cogeco.ca Received: from BAYC1-PASMTP08.CEZ.ICE (bayc1-pasmtp08.bayc1.hotmail.com [65.54.191.168]) by sunfep2.cogeco.net (Postfix) with ESMTP id 63BB01A43 for ; Mon, 8 Jan 2007 07:17:24 -0500 (EST) X-Originating-IP: [64.231.61.147] X-Originating-Email: [gchudy@sympatico.ca] Received: from yourf78bf48ce2 ([64.231.61.147]) by BAYC1-PASMTP08.CEZ.ICE over TLS secured channel with Microsoft SMTPSVC(6.0.3790.1830); Mon, 8 Jan 2007 04:28:44 -0800 Message-ID: <001401c7331f$0db02980$6400a8c0@yourf78bf48ce2> From: "carol chudy" To: "carol & greg chudy" , "paul serruys" , "winston sardine" , "BROOKS Bill -LAMBTON" , "dale lane" , "mark and susan grant" , "Tom Hughes" , "doug miller" , "grant church" Subject: greenhouse gas emissions - coal vs natural gas (incl LNG) Date: Mon, 8 Jan 2007 07:18:05 -0500 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/alternative; boundary="----=_NextPart_000_0011_01C732F5.23B4DB60" X-Priority: 3 X-MSMail-Priority: Normal X-Mailer: Microsoft Outlook Express 6.00.2900.3028 X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2900.3028 X-OriginalArrivalTime: 08 Jan 2007 12:28:45.0218 (UTC) FILETIME=[8A188020:01C73320] This is a multi-part message in MIME format. ------=_NextPart_000_0011_01C732F5.23B4DB60 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable The following is from the Carnegie Mellon Electricity Industry Centre: 2005-06 Seminars -------------------------------------------------------------------------= ------- Life Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Liquefied Natural Gas=20 Paulina Jaramillo, W. Michael Griffin, H. Scott Matthews, William R. = Morrow, David Lewandowski Abstract Department of Energy (DOE) estimates suggest that in the coming decades = U.S. demand for natural gas will increase. Estimates also suggest that = supply of this natural gas will increasingly come in the form of = liquefied natural gas (LNG) produced in countries like Russia and South = Africa , and brought by oceanic tankers. During the same period, the = awareness of global climate change will become more noticeable and the = importance of reducing emissions of the greenhouse gases that contribute = to this climate change will equally increase. Natural gas has been = widely identified as a cleaner alternative to coal for electricity = generation, as it has lower combustion emissions. Although emissions at = the power plant make up most of the natural gas fuel cycle emissions, it = is important to identify emissions from the entire fuel cycle. Several studies have performed emission inventories for the natural gas = lifecycle from production to distribution. Usually these analyses have = been performed for domestic natural gas, so that emissions from the = liquefaction to LNG, tanker transport, and re-gasification have not been = considered. If, as the DOE estimates suggest, larger percentages of the = supply of natural gas will come from these imports, emissions from these = steps in the fuel cycle could influence the total fuel cycle emissions. = Thus, comparisons between coal and natural gas that concentrate only on = the emissions at the utility plant may not be adequate. The objective of = this study is to perform an analysis of the natural gas fuel cycle = greenhouse gas emissions taking the emissions from LNG into = consideration. Different scenarios for the percentage of natural gas as = LNG will be analyzed. Moreover, a comparison with the coal fuel cycle = greenhouse gas emissions will be presented, in order to have a better = understanding of the advantages and disadvantage of using coal versus = natural gas for electricity generation. Our preliminary life cycle = estimates suggest that advanced natural gas technologies produce lower = greenhouse gas emissions compared to advanced coal technologies, even = with high percentages of natural gas as LNG being used. However if the = full fuel cycle is considered the difference in emissions decreases. = While coal combustion at a power plant emits on average 54% more = greenhouse gases (measured in pounds of CO2 equivalents) than natural = gas combustion, on a full life cycle basis coal generation emits on = average 44% more than what is emitted with a natural gas mix that = contain 20% LNG. In addition if 90% carbon capture and sequestration is = achieved at the power plant, the range of emissions from natural gas is = larger than the range of emissions from coal. These results should be = considered when pursuing fuel and carbon policies at the national level = when broader considerations such as energy dependence are relevant. ------=_NextPart_000_0011_01C732F5.23B4DB60 Content-Type: text/html; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable

The following is from the Carnegie = Mellon=20 Electricity Industry Centre:

2005-06 Seminars

Life Cycle=20 Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Liquefied Natural Gas

Paulina Jaramillo,=20 W. Michael Griffin, H. Scott Matthews, = William R.=20 Morrow, David Lewandowski

Abstract
Department of Energy (DOE) estimates suggest that in the coming = decades=20 U.S. demand for natural gas = will=20 increase. Estimates also suggest that supply of this natural gas will=20 increasingly come in the form of liquefied natural gas (LNG) produced in = countries like Russia and=20 South = Africa=20 , and brought by oceanic tankers. During the same = period,=20 the awareness of global climate change will become more noticeable and = the=20 importance of reducing emissions of the greenhouse gases that contribute = to this=20 climate change will equally increase. Natural gas has been widely = identified as=20 a cleaner alternative to coal for electricity generation, as it has = lower=20 combustion emissions. Although emissions at the power plant make up most = of the=20 natural gas fuel cycle emissions, it is important to identify emissions = from the=20 entire fuel cycle.

Several studies have performed emission = inventories for the=20 natural gas lifecycle from production to distribution.  Usually these analyses have = been=20 performed for domestic natural gas, so that emissions from the = liquefaction to=20 LNG, tanker transport, and re-gasification have not been considered. If, = as the=20 DOE estimates suggest, larger percentages of the supply of natural gas = will come=20 from these imports, emissions from these steps in the fuel cycle could = influence=20 the total fuel cycle emissions. Thus, comparisons between coal and = natural gas=20 that concentrate only on the emissions at the utility plant may not be = adequate.=20 The objective of this study is to perform an analysis of the natural gas = fuel=20 cycle greenhouse gas emissions taking the emissions from LNG into = consideration.=20 Different scenarios for the percentage of natural gas as LNG will be = analyzed.=20 Moreover, a comparison with the coal fuel cycle greenhouse gas emissions = will be=20 presented, in order to have a better understanding of the advantages and = disadvantage of using coal versus natural gas for electricity = generation. Our=20 preliminary life cycle estimates suggest that advanced natural gas = technologies=20 produce lower greenhouse gas emissions compared to advanced coal = technologies,=20 even with high percentages of natural gas as LNG being used. However if = the full=20 fuel cycle is considered the difference in emissions decreases. While = coal=20 combustion at a power plant emits on average 54% more greenhouse gases = (measured=20 in pounds of CO2 equivalents) than natural gas combustion, on = a full=20 life cycle basis coal generation emits on average 44% more than what is = emitted=20 with a natural gas mix that contain 20% LNG. In addition if 90% carbon = capture=20 and sequestration is achieved at the power plant, the range of emissions = from=20 natural gas is larger than the range of emissions from coal.  These results should be = considered when=20 pursuing fuel and carbon policies at the national level when broader=20 considerations such as energy dependence are=20 relevant.

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